Informatics Publishing Limited

Ratish Agarwal ¹, Roopam Gupta ², Mahesh Motwani ³

Affiliations
1 University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, IN
2 Department of Information Technology, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, IN
3 Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, IN

Abstract

In a large ad hoc network, flat routing schemes produce an excessive amount of information that can saturate the network. Cluster-based routing is a solution to limit the amount of routing information that propagates inside the network. Clustering is a technique to group the network nodes into a number of overlapping clusters. During the cluster formation phase, the ordinary nodes select best from dominating nodes as the clusterhead. Dominating nodes are potential nodes to become Clusterheads. The mobile nodes are vulnerable to security attacks, so ensuring the security of the network is essential. To enhance security, it is important to evaluate the trustworthiness of nodes without depending on central authorities. The proposed work calculates trustworthiness of the nodes based on all previous transactions and takes it in to account while electing Clusterheads.

Keywords

Ad Hoc Networks, Clusterhead, Dominating Nodes, Trust.

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Neelesh Gupta ¹, Neetesh Gupta ², Roopam Gupta ³

Affiliations
1 Department Of Electronics and Communication, Truba Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.), IN
2 Department Of Information and Technology, Technocrats Institute of Technology, Bhopal (M.P.), IN
3 Department Of Information and Technology, UIT, RGPV, Bhopal (M.P.), IN

Abstract

The Energy Consumption of a Wireless Network is a major design issue since mobile devices are often embarrassed bythe battery. In local region after appropriate selection of one coordinator among numerous nodes an enormous amount of energy can be saved in ad hoc networks. We can attain energy conservation on several static and dynamic topologies by coordinator selection  technique, then implement on MANET routing protocols during the route discovery algorithms.

Keywords

MANET, Coordinator Selection, Localized Energy Conservation, Routing Protocols.

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Sachin Goyal ¹, Roopam Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Information Technology Department, University Institute of Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal, M.P. (State Technical University of M.P.), IN

Abstract

Digital watermarking is the most recent technologies used for digital data protection and authentication. Amongst several techniques developed by various researchers, the most popular ones employed spatial and frequency domain. However, for the purpose of optimization of fidelity, evolutionary techniques like genetic algorithm have also been developed, which are based on the principle of finding suitable locations in cover image for watermark insertion using genetic algorithm with roulette-wheel selection strategy and watermark insertion using average neighborhood concept, in order to optimize fidelity aspect of watermarking. Genetic search often produces same watermark locations in different populations for watermark insertion resulting in poor value of fidelity, which need to be checked. Sliding window concept introduced in this paper uses a set of a few genes which are serially shuffled to get new set of locations for watermarking during each population generation and helps in enhancing fidelity aspect of watermarking.

Keywords

Digital Watermarking, Genetic Algorithm, Fidelity, Sliding Window, Neighborhood Concept.

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Naveen Kumar Chaudhary ¹, D. K. Trivedi ², Roopam Gupta ³

Affiliations
1 Military College of Telecommunication Engineering, Mhow (M.P), IN
2 RITS, Bhopal (M.P), IN
3 University Institute of Technology, RGPV, Bhopal, (M.P), IN

Abstract

The wireless links are used widely for point to point line-of-sight communication. The propagation loss on a terrestrial line-of-sight wireless link depends on atmospheric and seasonal conditions. The value of K-factor (effective earth radius) affects the reliability of the link. The value of K-factor where specific data is not available taken as 4/3, however its value depends on local climatic condition and it is terrain specific. In this paper K-value for the entire seasonal cycle 2008-2009 in Indian semi-desert has been analyzed. The study has been carried out to observe the distribution of K-factor and study its impact on terrestrial point to point line-of-sight wireless link in Indian semi-desert conditions.

Keywords

Line-Of-Sight Radio Link, Refraction, K-Factor, Refractive Index, Semi-Desert Terrain.

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Roopam Gupta ¹, Madhu Goyal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (Rajasthan), IN

Abstract

Milk and milk products play an important role in human nutrition as they are having excellent nutritional qualities. Ice creams which are highly palatable, nutritious and commercially important dairy product can sometimes become a potential source of health hazard, by causing food poisoning outbreaks or by acting as a carrier of pathogens or by adulteration. The present study was attempted to evaluate the quality of ice creams. For this, samples were collected in triplicates in previously sterilized containers, from five prominent shops of Bikaner city. The average moisture, crude protein, fat, total ash, carbohydrate, energy, calcium and phosphorus content was ranged from 59.74-65.06 g%, 3.06-4.46 g%, 9.00-14.06 g%, 2.35-3.12 g%, 18.24-21.04 g%, 175-222 Kcal, 589-757 mg%, and 648-784 mg%, respectively. Forty per cent, 20 per cent and 60 per cent ice cream samples were noted to be of satisfactory quality with respect to SPC, faecal; E.coli, coliform and; psychrophilic count, respectively. Presence or absence of adulterants like starch and metanil yellow were also detected, but all the samples were found to be devoid of adulterants.

Keywords

Quality, Bacteriological Examination, Adulteration, Health Hazard, Microbial Count.

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Roopam Gupta ¹, Madhu Goyal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science, S.K. Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner (Rajasthan), IN

Abstract

Dairy products are universally known for their nutritional and therapeutic values. Kulfi is the popular Indian frozen concentrated milk product, which is an ice cream like product, has been quoted in literature in different ways like Kulfi, Kulffi, Kulafi, Kulfy, Kulphy. Kulfi which is one of the most popular and nutritious dairy product can sometimes become a potential source of health hazard, by causing food poisoning outbreaks or by acting as a carrier of pathogens or by adulteration. The present study was attempted to evaluate the quality of Kulfi. For this, samples were collected in triplicates in previously sterilized containers, from five prominent shops of Bikaner city. The average moisture, crude protein, fat, total ash, carbohydrate, energy, calcium and phosphorus content was ranged from 42.36-57.20 g %, 6.56-9.28 g %, 10.13-18.56 g %, 3.35-4.35 g %, 15.01-35.16 g %, 233-273 Kcal, 683-718 mg %, and 736-901 mg %, respectively. Forty per cent and 20 per cent samples were noted to be of satisfactory quality with respect to SPC and faecal streptococcal count, respectively. Presence or absence of adulterants like starch and metanil yellow were also detected, but all the samples were found to be devoid of starch but in 20 per cent samples the inedible color that is metanil yellow was present. With respect to the possibility of adulteration and microbial contamination, quality of Kulfi remains in question.

Keywords

Quality, Bacteriological Examination, Adulteration, Health Hazard, Microbial Count.

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Roopam Gupta ¹, Madhu Goyal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Science (SKRAU), Bikaner (Rajasthan), IN

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a multi-factorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors. The increased incidence of urolithiasis has been associated with variations in its epidemiology like age, gender, distribution of the disease and also type and location of the calculi. Present study describes clinical profile of patients suffering from urolithiasis and visiting urology department of Prince Bijoy Singh Memorial (PBM) Government Hospital, Bikaner (Rajasthan). Detailed history and physical examination was carried out with a pretested questionnaire, with respect to age, gender and location of the calculus. Out of 172 subjects studied, 55.23 per cent were males and 44.77 per cent were females belonging to the age of 20 to 40 years. In majority of male and female subjects the site of stone formation was kidney (48.26%), followed by ureter (34.30%), bladder (8.14%), multiple site (4.65%), pelvic-ureteric junction (2.91%), vesiculo - ureteric junction (1.16%) and urethra (0.58%). Irrespective of gender and age, 65.70 per cent of the subjects were having single stone and rest (34.30%) had multiple stone formations. Majority of the subjects (29.07%) complained for renal colic, nausea, vomiting and burning on urination. Few subjects (8.72% and 9.30%) also complained for hematuria and fever.

Keywords

Urolithiasis, Pelvic-Ureteric Junction, Vesiculo - Ureteric Junction, Incidence, Multiple Sites, Single Stone, Multiple Stone.

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